Sunset Yellow FCF (E110): A Widely Used Synthetic Food Colorant

Technical Introduction

Sunset Yellow FCF is a synthetic azo dye commonly used as a yellow to orange food colorant. It belongs to the family of water-soluble synthetic dyes and is internationally recognized under the E number E110. Due to its bright orange-yellow hue, cost-effectiveness, and high stability, it is widely used in food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

• Chemical Name: Disodium 6-hydroxy-5-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-2-naphthalenesulfonate

• Common Name: Sunset Yellow FCF

• E Number: E110

• CAS Number: 2783-94-0

• Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₁₀N₂Na₂O₇S₂

• Molecular Weight: 452.37 g/mol

• Appearance: Orange to reddish-yellow powder or granules

• Solubility: Freely soluble in water; slightly soluble in ethanol

• Hue: Yellow–orange

Applications

1. Food & Beverages

• Widely used in soft drinks, candies, ice creams, dairy products, baked goods, sauces, and jams.

• Provides bright, stable orange-yellow shades that enhance product appeal.

2. Pharmaceuticals

• Used in capsules, syrups, and tablets for aesthetic differentiation and brand identity.

3. Cosmetics & Personal Care

• Found in soaps, shampoos, lipsticks, and other personal care products.

4. Animal Feed

• Added to pet foods and animal feed for improved appearance.

✅ Advantages

• Vivid and stable color in aqueous systems.

• Cost-effective compared to natural colorants.

• High solubility in water, easy incorporation in formulations.

• Stable under heat and light, suitable for processed foods.

• Wide application versatility in food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals.

⚙️ Technical Specifications (Typical Parameters)

⚠️ Safety & Regulations

• Regulatory Status: Approved as E110 in the EU, FD&C Yellow No. 6 in the USA, and recognized by Codex Alimentarius.

• ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): 0–4 mg/kg body weight (as per JECFA).

• Allergen Concerns: Some individuals may be sensitive to azo dyes, experiencing hyperactivity or allergic reactions.

• Labeling Requirements: In the EU, products containing E110 must state:
  “May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.”

❓ FAQ

Q1: Is Sunset Yellow FCF natural or synthetic?
It is a synthetic azo dye, not derived from natural sources.

Q2: Why is it popular in the food industry?
It provides a bright, stable, and cost-effective orange-yellow shade with good solubility, making it ideal for beverages and processed foods.

Q3: Is Sunset Yellow FCF safe for consumption?
Yes, it is approved by global regulatory bodies (FDA, EFSA, JECFA) within prescribed intake limits.

Q4: What are the alternatives to Sunset Yellow FCF?
Natural alternatives include paprika oleoresin, beta-carotene, annatto, and turmeric extract, though they are usually less stable and more costly.

Q5: Can it be used in cosmetics?
Yes, it is used in lipsticks, soaps, and personal care items, subject to regional regulations.